Law and Policy Database

The first Intended Nationally Determined Contribution submitted by Bhutan states that it intends to remain carbon neutral where emission of greenhouse gas will not exceed carbon sequestration of its forests, estimated to be 6.3 million tons of carbon dioxide. In terms of adaptation, Bhutan identified priority adaptation needs including water security, food and nutrition security, and sustainable forest management and conservation of biodiversity.

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act declares the equal rights and freedoms of all persons with disabilities and provides for the protection, promotion and enforcement of such rights and freedoms. It specifically mandates the government to take all necessary measures to ensure (i) effective enjoyment of the right to life by persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others; and (ii) protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk including situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and occurrence of natural disasters.

Petitioner sought for the investigation and prosecution of York Fidelity for alleged violation of the Corporation Code and the Foreign Investment Act based on its claim that defendant company was doing business in the Philippines. The Securities and Exchange Commission ruled that a mere investment by a foreign entity in a domestic corporation is not deemed as doing business in the Philippines.

Myanmar's Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) Strategy seeks to optimize the benefits and minimize the negative trade-offs across food security, agricultural development, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. The key elements of CSA include food security by increasing agricultural productivity, resilience of agricultural systems through adaptation, and mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas emission or enhancing carbon sequestration and managing interfaces with other land use management.

The Philippines Energy Efficiency Conservation Action Plan sets out sectoral recommendations that form the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Action Plan. It constitutes the recommendations to the government which could serve as basis for succeeding energy efficiency programs.

According to Maldives' Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, the country intends to reduce unconditionally 10% of its greenhouse gas emissions (under a BaU) by the year 2030. In terms of adaptation, Maldives will focus on enhancing food security, infrastructure resilience, protection of public health from vector borne and water borne diseases, enhancing water security, coastal protection, safeguarding coral reef and its biodiversity, protection of the tourism industry, protection of tuna fisheries, and early warning and systematic observation.

Cambodia, in its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, proposes mitigation contribution aligned with its development priorities and conditions, upon availability of international support. Priority adaptation actions are also identified.

The Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) states that the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources has set a target to increase the share of renewable energy, either in the form of electricity, heat or biofuels, to be 30% of final energy consumption by 2036. The AEDP presents strategies to promote the development of renewable energy in the years 2015-2036.

The first Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Bangladesh outlines the mitigation and adaptation components that the country aims to achieve by the year 2030. Mainly, Bangladesh targets an unconditional contribution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 5% from business as usual (BAU) levels by 2030 and a conditional 15% reduction in GHG emissions from BAU levels by the same year.

The case originated from a tort-based lawsuit filed by the Ministry of Environment against PT Kalista Alam for fires resulting from its land clearing activities. The ministry sought restorative damages for the carbon released into the atmosphere and reduced carbon absorption capacity of the peatlands. The district court ruled in favor of the Ministry of Environment, and the Supreme Court subsequently upheld this ruling.