Law and Policy Database

The case involves a petition against construction activities of a property developer, in particular dumping sand to fill agricultural lands, lowlands and wetlands. The court declared, among others, that wetlands should be deemed public trust property and national property. It found the occupation and filling of the wetlands illegal and ordered restoration and restitution within six months.

Solomon Islands committed to reducing its emissions by 14% below 2915 and 33% below 2015 by 20130 compared to a business as usual projections. In terms of adaptation, Solomon Islands considers it vital and urgent to develop the capacity of the country to assess risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate variability and change and to reduce climate change risks and adapt to the predicted impacts of climate change.

Petitioners are owners of farmlands along the Lake Lanao shore. They contend that their crops were damaged for years due to the National Power Corporation's refusal to open the floodgates of the Agus Regulation Dam which controls the water outflows on Lake Lanao. Ruling in favor of petitioners, the court declared that tort law can be used to address environmental harms.

In Myanmar's updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), based on its development status, Myanmar’s total emission reduction contributions are 244.52 million tCO2e unconditionally and a total of 414.75 million tCO2e subject to conditions of international finance and technical support by 2030. Moreover, given the high vulnerability of Myanmar, adaptation actions will be a key priority of Myanmar's NDC. Myanmar will initiate the process of its National Adaptation Plans and aims to build resilience of all its vulnerable communities and ecosystems, identifying and promoting the right community-based and ecosystem-based adaptation measures taking a sectoral approach.

In the Update of its First Nationally Determined Contribution, Malaysia intends to reduce its economy-wide carbon intensity (against gross domestic product) of 45% in 2030 compared to the 2005 level. In terms of adaptation, strategies will focus on management of water resources and security, coastal resources, agriculture and food supply, urban and infrastructure resilience, public health, forestry and biodiversity, and key adaptation across sectoral areas.

Sri Lanka commits to increase 32% forest cover by 2030 and reduce greenhouse emissions by 14.5% for the period of 2021-2030 from Power (electricity generation), Transport, Industry, Waste, Forestry and Agriculture. Sri Lanka expects to achieve its Carbon Neutrality by 2060.

The Open Finance Framework enunciates the policy of espousing consent-driven data portability, interoperability and collaborative partnerships among financial institutions and third-party providers, by leveraging permissioned-access customer financial information to develop bespoke financial products and services for customers.

In its Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), Bhutan maintains its commitment to remain carbon neutral, with its greenhouse gas being negligible on a global scale and exceeded by the carbon dioxide sequestered by Bhutan’s forests (3.8 million tons and 9.4 million tons, respectively). Bhutan submits that there is an enhancement from the first NDC because of improved data and information establishing that it is a net carbon sequestering country. In terms of adaptation, Bhutan is in the process of completing its National Adaptation Plans (NAP) as part of NAP readiness support.

The Department Circular prescribes the requirements for mandatory conduct of test and commissioning of all existing or new generation facilities, as a manner to determine their readiness to deliver energy to the grid or distribution network.

The Guidelines on the Management of Liquidity Risk by Islamic Banks (IBs) and Islamic Banking Units (IBUs) (the "Guidelines") provides that IBs and IBUs are expected to have written policies on liquidity risk management. For IBUs, the policy should be established separately from that of the conventional bank proper. The Guidelines are based on the existing liquidity risk management framework for conventional banks with additional provisions to cover specificities on Islamic banking.