This paper looks at the progress made in the implementation of the CBD and 2010 targets in the eight countries of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Myanmar and Pakistan. The paper was commissioned by ICIMOD, an inter-governmental institution mandated for the region, as one of its activities in support of the CBD and the International Year of Biodiversity 2010. Using the national reports to the CBD as the primary source, the paper examines the progress made by the countries in implementing the Convention. The draft paper was presented at a side event of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) countries during the fourteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical, and Technological Advice (SBSTTA-14) in Nairobi, Kenya for inputs from CBD focal points and participants. A pre-print was then presented at a side event ‘Facing the Challenges of Mountain Biodiversity Conservation and Management in a Changing Climate across the HKH region’ at the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the CBD in Nagoya, Japan. The comments received from the CBD focal points of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan countries, COP-10 participants, and others have been integrated in this final version. The paper concludes that all the Hindu Kush-Himalayan countries are making efforts to prioritise conservation, but that they are at different stages of CBD implementation. The countries have taken direct and supportive actions for conservation, sustainable use, and benefit sharing of mountain biodiversity and are moving in a positive direction. Progressive conservation policies and legislation for management of biological resources in a participatory way have been developed which provide a strong basis for supporting CBD implementation in the region. The degree to which each country has been able to comply with CBD targets is a reflection of their national capacities, level of development, and specific limitations.